摘 要：形而上学的层次结构可被展示为一个以其抽象程度递增的金字塔：质料的形而上学—形式的形而上学－理念的形而上学—方法的形而上学。对其中的各个层次，康德在不同程度上都有所涉及，只是具体内容有所不同。质料的形而上学的出发点正是笛卡尔的“我思故我在”，而康德对此没有给予应有的重视。对于“先验综合命题如何可能”这一关键问题，康德的回答和论证包含逻辑上的恶性循环。通过强调“统觉”的自返性而打破这一恶性循环，通过对其质料的形而上学作一定的改变，并对形式的和方法的形而上学做必要的补充和修正，整个形而上学可以获得一种奠基。
关键词： 形而上学； 康德； 笛卡尔； 先验范畴； 范导原则； 统觉
A Reconstruction of Kant’s Frame of Metaphysics
CHEN Xiao-ping
Abstract: This paper reveals a multi-layered structure of metaphysics which can be described as a pyramid with the increasing abstractness from bottom to top: material－metaphysics, form－metaphysics, idea－metaphysics and method-metaphysics. Every layer of the structure were discussed by Kant in various degrees and with different contents. In contrast to Kant’s system of metaphysics, this paper tries tol make some changes in every layer. Among them, most changes take place in material-metaphysics, and there are some modifications in idea-metaphysics as well as some important complements and amendments to the latter two. The start point of material-metaphysics is Descartes’ “cogito, ergo sum”, to which Kant didn’t pay enough attention. For the key question “how is a priori synthetic proposition possible”, Kant’s answer and argument contains a vicious circle. This paper attempts to break the vicious circle by emphasizing the refelexivity of apperception, and provide a foundation for the whole metaphysics.
Key words: metaphysics, Kant, Descartes, a priori categories, regulative principle, apperception
